DNA - DNA information from - search for DNA - my father that any - DNA
DNA deoxyribonucleic (DNA in English and ADN in French), and called Arabic Alhman and acid Almzdon RNA Alnooyoaldna is DNA that contains the genetic instructions that describe the biological evolution of living organisms and most viruses as it contains the genetic instructions needed to perform vital functions of all living things.
A means for long-term storage of genetic information, a basic function of DNA molecules as well as it can through these molecules to obtain information necessary to build proteins and DNA (English: RNA).
Called DNA fragments (DNA) that carry the genetic information can be translated to proteins genes (in English: Genes). Located some pieces of synthetic DNA for the purposes of regulatory.
Chemically; longer DNA Mcauthra (polymer) composed of building blocks called nucleotides. And each consisting Nyukluotadh of three molecules are: sugar Penta de Oxy Ribose (sugar Ribe undiminished oxygen), a phosphate and base nitrogen (one of the rules of purine or pyrimidine) and are connected to the sugar molecules and phosphate in a sequential manner to form what is known as the structure of sugar phosphate so relate phosphate group seed carbon 5 sugar النيوكليوتيدة that follow Haan through covalent bond and carbon 3 seed sugar following النيوكليوتيدة by Association Asterih and nitrogenous bases link is the structure of the sugar phosphate by association carbon 1 seed on the opposite sugar molecule. And gives relay nitrogenous bases along the structure sugar phosphate molecule DNA Okuada or codes by which to determine the sequence of amino acids of the protein contrast is done as follows: copied molecule RNA compared to DNA molecule containing code protein in a process called process copies (in English: Tran ,,,,,, ion) are translate Alrmaz into amino acids interview during the translation process (in English: Translation) to give the corresponding protein. And not necessarily be translated to protein as blades that some RNA molecules involved in combinations such as ribosomes (English: Ribosomes) and Alasplisusumat (English: Spliceosomes).
Organized DNA inside the cell in combinations called (objects chromosome or chromosomes, chromosomes in the aggregate be what is known as genome (in English: Genome) (gene pool or chromosome of the cell). Before cell division doubled chromosomes known as doubling DNA DNA Replication is done in both prokaryotes cores (in English: Prokaryotes) In eukaryotes (English: Eukaryotes).

History
Return the first note of the DNA in modern science Swiss physician Friedrich the Mascher year 1869 when he could extract microscopic substance of pus and named nuclear reactors (Naokhlin) because of its presence inside the nucleus. In 1929 vibe Livni was able to discover components of the basic unit of a DNA nucleotide and between that DNA is only a repetition of this unit.
In 1943 Oswald Avery conducted experiment mixing bacteria Nimocox (scientific name: Pneumococcus) dead and carry property Smooth surface with living bacteria of the same type but with a rough surface. The results of the experiment were to move coarse surface property to bacteria with a smooth surface. The so-called DNA carrier factor.
In the year 1953, depending on the ray images taken by Rosalind Franklin and the information available about the rules and how they relate to each other, ask each of James Watson and Francis Crick their model (double-helical) and published their experiences in the journal Nature. In the year 1957 indicate Creek fundamental dogma of molecular biology and explained the relationship between DNA and RNA and proteins. And between Creek later that codons composed of 3 rules which helped other scientists to decipher the genetic code and identify codons encoded amino acids. In 1958 explained worlds Meleson and Stahl DNA replication method and وصفاها conservative Bcbh. Got Watson and Crick and Maurice Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries in this field in 1962.
Physical and chemical properties
The DNA of many molecules Mcauthra (polymer) long component of the repeating units know Balnyukluotadat (English: Nucleotides) where the width of the DNA sequence of 22 to 26 angstroms per and length 3.3 angstroms. But despite the fact that all very small Nyukluotadh in size only that DNA Mkathir can form huge molecules containing millions of nucleotides example, the length of chromosome No. 1 (the largest human chromosome) about 220 million base double.
Components of DNA (DNA)

Photo shows the chemical structure of DNA.
Aside peace solenoid consists of sugar, penta-and succession phosphate base while related nitrogenous bases inside. Basic unit consists of building DNA molecule, called Balnyukluotad of three parts, namely:
Alskralkhmasa (ribose) undiminished oxygen
Phosphate group.
Base (information stored in DNA using these rules), one of two types:
<OL> Two purines (Purines) and two
<OL> Adenine Adenine abbreviated A
Guanine Guanine abbreviated G
</ OL> Two Albaarimidinat (Pyrimidines) and two
<OL> Thymine Thymine abbreviated T
Alsaitosin Cytosine abbreviated C
</ OL> </ OL>
Linked sugar molecules in the DNA of the Association of phosphatic (English: Phosphodiester Bond) in each of the carbon atoms third and fifth, while linked to the nitrogenous base the first carbon atom of sugar quintet.Rules associated with each other in an orderly fashion so linked to al-Qaeda adenine with thymine base in the corresponding chain hydrogen bond bilateral while Alkuanin associated with Alsaitosin triple hydrogen bond.
Called a DNA chains eventually fifth (and symbolized by the '5) so as not to link the carbon atom fifth five sugar while other chain eventually called third ('3) For the same reason the former. And meet parallel Asalseltan and Reverse (English: Antiparallel), so that the '5 offset the parallel string '3.
Wraps DNA (DNA) on the same circumvention of the spiral is what is known as the excessive circumvent this might be to circumvent the same direction wrap DNA chains making rules are close together dramatically and so-called circumvention overly positive. But if this rally reverse wrap DNA chains is called a circumvention overly negative and the rules are far apart from each other and most of the cells appear this kind of excessive circumvent
DNA replication (English DNA replication) is one of the most important biological processes, cellular Without DNA replication to most cells die, they are a means of development, innovation and growth. Ending process building molecular DNA identical to the DNA molecule deoxyribonucleic main, and for this reason are named the process of DNA replication process of sub-county.
Used in this process several enzymes such as DNA polymerase and RNA Braimazo Hillicaz protein chain link unilateralism and others.
The process begins when the enzyme DNA Hillakiz resolve DNA chains to make way for each series of DNA deoxyribonucleic building series will complement and supplement them, then linked to proteins of the single-chain link of my chain of DNA separate to prevent re-they relate to some.
After the enzyme DNA Hillakiz resolve strings points began to arise doubled in two strings and called these points, replication fork (Replication Fork) and have formed close to the form of the letter Y.
DNA polymerase is the main enzyme responsible for the manufacture of new DNA chains, is building two new strings in one direction, a 5 'to 3' and to the ability of DNA polymerase to add a new نوويد on hydroxyl group (OH) on the carbon atom No. 3 only.
A two new strings to be built continuously and rapidly, this series called advanced string and take a series of acid a defective oxygen RNA original direction 5'-3 'template. The reason for building the chain speed is the presence of hydroxyl group which facilitates the work of DNA polymerase.
The corresponding series shall be constructed relatively slow compared to the advanced string, called this series the late string and take of the original string of DNA deoxyribonucleic direction 3'-5 'template. This series are manufactured more complicated compared to the advanced string. The process begins also add a group of nucleotide by enzyme RNA Braemez (to add a free hydroxyl group) followed by a DNA polymerase enzyme to add Nowidat complement the original DNA sequence. When it reaches a DNA polymerase enzyme to nucleotide chain that was established by the enzyme RNA are Braemez replaced enzyme DNA polymerase another form of the same enzyme (DNA polymerase) to replace Nowidat RNA Bnowidat DNA deoxyribonucleic acid. And arrived this string preceded by the enzyme DNA link by adding a phosphate group between the two carbons third and fifth.
Late in the chain is building the new series in the form of pieces is connected, each piece contains between 100-1000 نوويد, these pieces are called Okazaki cut. These pieces are connected later - as Osilv - by the enzyme DNA link.
Ttakhtlv DNA replication process minor differences between real objects and primitive organisms cores cores such as different types of DNA polymerase enzymes used
Genetic code
Genetic code or the genetic code is a set of rules that enable us to transform sequence Aldnaoa DNA sequences to proteins through an interview each three Nacleotidih (codon) of amino acid twentieth acids that make up proteins of living cells. Almost all living cells of all living species use the same genetic code, which calls for the standard genetic code-named standard genetic code with some species are few genetic code very Tvivah differences.
Codon
الكودون (in English: Codon) is a tripartite code by which to build a series of peptides (the basic building unit in proteins). The الكودون Unit is composed of three infiltration nitrogenous bases to Alraaboz acid mRNA or nuclear (mRNA). Any particular sequence will encrypt a specific amino acid. Since there are four nitrogenous bases in RNA and any codon consists of 3 rules, the number of possible codons is 4 raised to the power of 3 = 64 codon.
Codons encoded amino acids. The table shows the sequence to encrypt all private nucleic acids. Second base UCAG first ruleUUUU (Phe/F)Phenylalanine
UUC (Phe/F)Phenylalanine
UUA (Leu/L)Leucine
UUG (Leu/L)Leucine
UCU (Ser/S)Serine
UCC (Ser/S)Serine
UCA (Ser/S)Serine
UCG (Ser/S)Serine
UAU (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine
UAC (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine
UAA Ochre (Stop)
UAG Amber (Stop)
UGU (Cys/C)Cysteine
UGC (Cys/C)Cysteine
UGA Opal (Stop)
UGG (Trp/W)Tryptophan
CCUU (Leu/L)Leucine
CUC (Leu/L)Leucine
CUA (Leu/L)Leucine
CUG (Leu/L)Leucine
CCU (Pro/P)Proline
CCC (Pro/P)Proline
CCA (Pro/P)Proline
CCG (Pro/P)Proline
CAU (His/H)Histidine
CAC (His/H)Histidine
CAA (Gln/Q)Glutamine
CAG (Gln/Q)Glutamine
CGU (Arg/R)Arginine
CGC (Arg/R)Arginine
CGA (Arg/R)Arginine
CGG (Arg/R)Arginine
AAUU (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUC (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUA (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUG (Met/M)Methionine
ACU (Thr/T)Threonine
ACC (Thr/T)Threonine
ACA (Thr/T)Threonine
ACG (Thr/T)Threonine
AAU (Asn/N)Asparagine
AAC (Asn/N)Asparagine
AAA (Lys/K)Lysine
AAG (Lys/K)Lysine
AGU (Ser/S)Serine
AGC (Ser/S)Serine
AGA (Arg/R)Arginine
AGG (Arg/R)Arginine
GGUU (Val/V)Valine
GUC (Val/V)Valine
GUA (Val/V)Valine
GUG (Val/V)Valine
GCU (Ala/A)Alanine
GCC (Ala/A)Alanine
GCA (Ala/A)Alanine
GCG (Ala/A)Alanine
GAU (Asp/D)Aspartic acid
GAC (Asp/D)Aspartic acid
GAA (Glu/E)Glutamic acid
GAG (Glu/E)Glutamic acid
GGU (Gly/G)Glycine
GGC (Gly/G)Glycine
GGA (Gly/G)Glycine
GGG (Gly/G)Glycine
DNA deoxyribonucleic (DNA in English and ADN in French), and called Arabic Alhman and acid Almzdon RNA Alnooyoaldna is DNA that contains the genetic instructions that describe the biological evolution of living organisms and most viruses as it contains the genetic instructions needed to perform vital functions of all living things.
A means for long-term storage of genetic information, a basic function of DNA molecules as well as it can through these molecules to obtain information necessary to build proteins and DNA (English: RNA).
Called DNA fragments (DNA) that carry the genetic information can be translated to proteins genes (in English: Genes). Located some pieces of synthetic DNA for the purposes of regulatory.
Chemically; longer DNA Mcauthra (polymer) composed of building blocks called nucleotides. And each consisting Nyukluotadh of three molecules are: sugar Penta de Oxy Ribose (sugar Ribe undiminished oxygen), a phosphate and base nitrogen (one of the rules of purine or pyrimidine) and are connected to the sugar molecules and phosphate in a sequential manner to form what is known as the structure of sugar phosphate so relate phosphate group seed carbon 5 sugar النيوكليوتيدة that follow Haan through covalent bond and carbon 3 seed sugar following النيوكليوتيدة by Association Asterih and nitrogenous bases link is the structure of the sugar phosphate by association carbon 1 seed on the opposite sugar molecule. And gives relay nitrogenous bases along the structure sugar phosphate molecule DNA Okuada or codes by which to determine the sequence of amino acids of the protein contrast is done as follows: copied molecule RNA compared to DNA molecule containing code protein in a process called process copies (in English: Tran ,,,,,, ion) are translate Alrmaz into amino acids interview during the translation process (in English: Translation) to give the corresponding protein. And not necessarily be translated to protein as blades that some RNA molecules involved in combinations such as ribosomes (English: Ribosomes) and Alasplisusumat (English: Spliceosomes).
Organized DNA inside the cell in combinations called (objects chromosome or chromosomes, chromosomes in the aggregate be what is known as genome (in English: Genome) (gene pool or chromosome of the cell). Before cell division doubled chromosomes known as doubling DNA DNA Replication is done in both prokaryotes cores (in English: Prokaryotes) In eukaryotes (English: Eukaryotes).

History
Return the first note of the DNA in modern science Swiss physician Friedrich the Mascher year 1869 when he could extract microscopic substance of pus and named nuclear reactors (Naokhlin) because of its presence inside the nucleus. In 1929 vibe Livni was able to discover components of the basic unit of a DNA nucleotide and between that DNA is only a repetition of this unit.
In 1943 Oswald Avery conducted experiment mixing bacteria Nimocox (scientific name: Pneumococcus) dead and carry property Smooth surface with living bacteria of the same type but with a rough surface. The results of the experiment were to move coarse surface property to bacteria with a smooth surface. The so-called DNA carrier factor.
In the year 1953, depending on the ray images taken by Rosalind Franklin and the information available about the rules and how they relate to each other, ask each of James Watson and Francis Crick their model (double-helical) and published their experiences in the journal Nature. In the year 1957 indicate Creek fundamental dogma of molecular biology and explained the relationship between DNA and RNA and proteins. And between Creek later that codons composed of 3 rules which helped other scientists to decipher the genetic code and identify codons encoded amino acids. In 1958 explained worlds Meleson and Stahl DNA replication method and وصفاها conservative Bcbh. Got Watson and Crick and Maurice Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries in this field in 1962.
Physical and chemical properties
The DNA of many molecules Mcauthra (polymer) long component of the repeating units know Balnyukluotadat (English: Nucleotides) where the width of the DNA sequence of 22 to 26 angstroms per and length 3.3 angstroms. But despite the fact that all very small Nyukluotadh in size only that DNA Mkathir can form huge molecules containing millions of nucleotides example, the length of chromosome No. 1 (the largest human chromosome) about 220 million base double.
Components of DNA (DNA)


Photo shows the chemical structure of DNA.
Aside peace solenoid consists of sugar, penta-and succession phosphate base while related nitrogenous bases inside. Basic unit consists of building DNA molecule, called Balnyukluotad of three parts, namely:
Alskralkhmasa (ribose) undiminished oxygen
Phosphate group.
Base (information stored in DNA using these rules), one of two types:
<OL> Two purines (Purines) and two
<OL> Adenine Adenine abbreviated A
Guanine Guanine abbreviated G
</ OL> Two Albaarimidinat (Pyrimidines) and two
<OL> Thymine Thymine abbreviated T
Alsaitosin Cytosine abbreviated C
</ OL> </ OL>
Linked sugar molecules in the DNA of the Association of phosphatic (English: Phosphodiester Bond) in each of the carbon atoms third and fifth, while linked to the nitrogenous base the first carbon atom of sugar quintet.Rules associated with each other in an orderly fashion so linked to al-Qaeda adenine with thymine base in the corresponding chain hydrogen bond bilateral while Alkuanin associated with Alsaitosin triple hydrogen bond.
Called a DNA chains eventually fifth (and symbolized by the '5) so as not to link the carbon atom fifth five sugar while other chain eventually called third ('3) For the same reason the former. And meet parallel Asalseltan and Reverse (English: Antiparallel), so that the '5 offset the parallel string '3.
Wraps DNA (DNA) on the same circumvention of the spiral is what is known as the excessive circumvent this might be to circumvent the same direction wrap DNA chains making rules are close together dramatically and so-called circumvention overly positive. But if this rally reverse wrap DNA chains is called a circumvention overly negative and the rules are far apart from each other and most of the cells appear this kind of excessive circumvent
DNA replication (English DNA replication) is one of the most important biological processes, cellular Without DNA replication to most cells die, they are a means of development, innovation and growth. Ending process building molecular DNA identical to the DNA molecule deoxyribonucleic main, and for this reason are named the process of DNA replication process of sub-county.
Used in this process several enzymes such as DNA polymerase and RNA Braimazo Hillicaz protein chain link unilateralism and others.
The process begins when the enzyme DNA Hillakiz resolve DNA chains to make way for each series of DNA deoxyribonucleic building series will complement and supplement them, then linked to proteins of the single-chain link of my chain of DNA separate to prevent re-they relate to some.
After the enzyme DNA Hillakiz resolve strings points began to arise doubled in two strings and called these points, replication fork (Replication Fork) and have formed close to the form of the letter Y.
DNA polymerase is the main enzyme responsible for the manufacture of new DNA chains, is building two new strings in one direction, a 5 'to 3' and to the ability of DNA polymerase to add a new نوويد on hydroxyl group (OH) on the carbon atom No. 3 only.
A two new strings to be built continuously and rapidly, this series called advanced string and take a series of acid a defective oxygen RNA original direction 5'-3 'template. The reason for building the chain speed is the presence of hydroxyl group which facilitates the work of DNA polymerase.
The corresponding series shall be constructed relatively slow compared to the advanced string, called this series the late string and take of the original string of DNA deoxyribonucleic direction 3'-5 'template. This series are manufactured more complicated compared to the advanced string. The process begins also add a group of nucleotide by enzyme RNA Braemez (to add a free hydroxyl group) followed by a DNA polymerase enzyme to add Nowidat complement the original DNA sequence. When it reaches a DNA polymerase enzyme to nucleotide chain that was established by the enzyme RNA are Braemez replaced enzyme DNA polymerase another form of the same enzyme (DNA polymerase) to replace Nowidat RNA Bnowidat DNA deoxyribonucleic acid. And arrived this string preceded by the enzyme DNA link by adding a phosphate group between the two carbons third and fifth.
Late in the chain is building the new series in the form of pieces is connected, each piece contains between 100-1000 نوويد, these pieces are called Okazaki cut. These pieces are connected later - as Osilv - by the enzyme DNA link.
Ttakhtlv DNA replication process minor differences between real objects and primitive organisms cores cores such as different types of DNA polymerase enzymes used
Genetic code
Genetic code or the genetic code is a set of rules that enable us to transform sequence Aldnaoa DNA sequences to proteins through an interview each three Nacleotidih (codon) of amino acid twentieth acids that make up proteins of living cells. Almost all living cells of all living species use the same genetic code, which calls for the standard genetic code-named standard genetic code with some species are few genetic code very Tvivah differences.
Codon
الكودون (in English: Codon) is a tripartite code by which to build a series of peptides (the basic building unit in proteins). The الكودون Unit is composed of three infiltration nitrogenous bases to Alraaboz acid mRNA or nuclear (mRNA). Any particular sequence will encrypt a specific amino acid. Since there are four nitrogenous bases in RNA and any codon consists of 3 rules, the number of possible codons is 4 raised to the power of 3 = 64 codon.
Codons encoded amino acids. The table shows the sequence to encrypt all private nucleic acids. Second base UCAG first ruleUUUU (Phe/F)Phenylalanine
UUC (Phe/F)Phenylalanine
UUA (Leu/L)Leucine
UUG (Leu/L)Leucine
UCU (Ser/S)Serine
UCC (Ser/S)Serine
UCA (Ser/S)Serine
UCG (Ser/S)Serine
UAU (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine
UAC (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine
UAA Ochre (Stop)
UAG Amber (Stop)
UGU (Cys/C)Cysteine
UGC (Cys/C)Cysteine
UGA Opal (Stop)
UGG (Trp/W)Tryptophan
CCUU (Leu/L)Leucine
CUC (Leu/L)Leucine
CUA (Leu/L)Leucine
CUG (Leu/L)Leucine
CCU (Pro/P)Proline
CCC (Pro/P)Proline
CCA (Pro/P)Proline
CCG (Pro/P)Proline
CAU (His/H)Histidine
CAC (His/H)Histidine
CAA (Gln/Q)Glutamine
CAG (Gln/Q)Glutamine
CGU (Arg/R)Arginine
CGC (Arg/R)Arginine
CGA (Arg/R)Arginine
CGG (Arg/R)Arginine
AAUU (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUC (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUA (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUG (Met/M)Methionine
ACU (Thr/T)Threonine
ACC (Thr/T)Threonine
ACA (Thr/T)Threonine
ACG (Thr/T)Threonine
AAU (Asn/N)Asparagine
AAC (Asn/N)Asparagine
AAA (Lys/K)Lysine
AAG (Lys/K)Lysine
AGU (Ser/S)Serine
AGC (Ser/S)Serine
AGA (Arg/R)Arginine
AGG (Arg/R)Arginine
GGUU (Val/V)Valine
GUC (Val/V)Valine
GUA (Val/V)Valine
GUG (Val/V)Valine
GCU (Ala/A)Alanine
GCC (Ala/A)Alanine
GCA (Ala/A)Alanine
GCG (Ala/A)Alanine
GAU (Asp/D)Aspartic acid
GAC (Asp/D)Aspartic acid
GAA (Glu/E)Glutamic acid
GAG (Glu/E)Glutamic acid
GGU (Gly/G)Glycine
GGC (Gly/G)Glycine
GGA (Gly/G)Glycine
GGG (Gly/G)Glycine