Peach tree
Peaches Prunus Persica: Peaches belong to the species pome fruits stone any tonsillar fruits and including peaches, cherries, apricots, almonds, knowing that men are different in form and size and taste. It will be new varieties frequently unfamiliar fruit trees other, so it was able scientists rooting that devise new varieties from time to time through hybridization fits both of them a certain environment and on this basis we have become more than fifty new class between 1920-1964 become cultivated in different regions is almost as well, extending the maturity period of the spring to autumn which suit different tastes.
Has been known peaches name actual Prunus Persice so as to believe the ancients that native is Persia, but the fact predict that it came from China, where mentioned in the records BC centuries many, and then spread out westward to the second home of the peach is Persia, who moved to the caravan route in the country's commercial China in these areas were very favorable conditions for the growth and reproduction of loosely cultivation and Knight moved to Egypt, Syria, Greece, after the invasion of Alexander the Great.
Morphological description: Height ranges peach trees by their types between 3-8 and inverse conical shape of the crown or slung and roots deep wedge and leaves falling prolonged severe head serrated edges pale green smell of bitter almond oil when you rub the palm of the hand. Securities in peaches bills with red color on the reverse auricles almond-green, be floral buds and paper are positioned in groups a number 2-3 in axillae papers and sometimes single flowers appear before the emergence of securities which are of pink reddish or white with red weak, and fruit a tonsil different shapes and sizes according to varieties which mounted neck ثمري short and within the nucleus varies in size and the nature of its surface according to different varieties and varieties are the nucleus of adhesive including such items kernel non-stick within the nucleus seed bitter container on a toxic substance is acid Aloidroosaanak.
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Biological characteristics: Tree many peaches properties make it distinct from other fruit trees where characterized by strong growth and high ability to form packages and early entry process Ithmaar also is short life span. This is early in the entry phase Ithmaar relates to the nature of the area cultivated by category Some varieties start Balaosmar two years old and some are five years old, and this pregnancy is concentrated in peach-year-old branches and floral bouquets.
The tree peaches generally fertile self except for certain items such as Hill Bertha and Mikado that pollinate بالصنف Alberta, this preferably when the spread orchard peach that is growing more than class to increase productivity which is a tree peaches from trees sensitive agricultural operations in the orchard where give good growth and bumper crop in case of availability of agricultural operations at the appropriate times.
Cofactors to grow peaches: Climate: The peach tree from tropical plants and sign up to an altitude of a thousand meters above sea level.
Soil: adapt different types of assets in the peaches with various types of dust and even dust poor however require tree peaches deep soil, good permeability to water and air, this and like tree peaches territory vine with gravel and limestone, the land of humidity and cold it operates on a loss of tree quickly.
Propagation methods in peach tree: Propagation of this tree in two ways:
· Propagation of seeds
· Propagation through vaccination.
1 - seed propagation: in this case, setting seed in the month of January and through alternating layers of sand (sand shrine) and seed in ordinary containers (boxes) and these seeds are planted in April and can be cultivated seeds immediately after harvest.
2 - Reciting vaccination: This method is in a lot of the most common and most secure and for propagation of good varieties, and is considered static method of vaccination for an eye is the prevailing way.
Assets used in the peaches: A - wild peaches: main assets used in the breeding process, a user in Syria, originally characterized in full accordance with the most varieties of peaches, which graciously in fertile land and deep, but it does not fit with the clay soil and limestone and disadvantages infected with worms caecilians.
- Almonds: sweet almond suits him a peach tree gives a longer life span which is compatible with dry soil, provided that the soil is deep and is considered as a single asset for late varieties.
T - Peach: uses of peach San Julian asset for peaches and uses private wetlands and surface, this depends growth trees grafted on peach San Julian early end of the summer and this should not be vaccinated on peach San Julian only for varieties that mature in months of July and August can also be used peach Maroblan asset but underused and not recommended.
W - Ganrk: moisture out bears and fits with the heavy land, and there are some assets resistance of caecilians like worms Chelal originally from India and Yunnan origin and originally from China, as well as the original Bukhara and originally from Russia. As devised modern origins in France and Italy, such as (S 667 and originally GF 677).
Vegetative form of the peach tree: Reared tree peaches by special types of pruning in various forms, including the shape turbofan and be either a leg high and either average height or on the leg of a low and the preferred form of the tree peaches soil on the leg of average height no higher (65-75) cm from the surface of the soil and even the first point of branching of leg.
Agriculture distances: If education is the high leg distance 6 × 4 m and in no education on average leg 4 × 4 m and overall distance varies depending on the structural and branches 4-5 m distance.
Trim Education: No different trim trees peaches for trimming the rest of the fruit trees and when the soil in the leg high so that the branches structural once where the leaves grow freely and not taken pruning this way only for branches dead, but I prefer planting peaches and reared on the leg of the average and the process of pruning this education is the same way Education high on the leg. Such pruning is done in general for several reasons, including:
1 - giving the tree a beautiful shape and harmonious
2 - Give the tree satisfactory state of activity and strength.
3 - to promote the formation of fruiting buds
4 - to improve quality and production
5 - to allow light and air to penetrate to all parts of the structure, and therefore help to control insect pests and fungi sick, as well as improving the quality and color of the fruit.
All items previous logical but they are all linked and dependent on one factor is to know how pregnancy in each type of fruit to be pruning useful, we find that the trees are concentrated pregnancy where the wood aged two years or more, generally on Wood Old then the wood year old and young is wholesome of pregnancy, and other trees are concentrated load on Wood aged one year and then be old wood is beneficial to the pregnancy.
Nature of the pregnancy in the peaches:
Blooming flowers peaches in the spring on the branches of old year or in the form of bouquets floral short end Beram shoot live up to three years, this will be bud vegetative cone and sharp head the bud syphilis shall be circular in shape this shows that the difference is clear in the month of February and March this but Ordinary bud syphilis only a single flower.
Types of packages in a peach tree:
All types of packages consist of vegetative bud but with different characteristics, depending on the amount of sap received and be members of the growth and fruiting.
1 - floral arrangements: a ثمري organ short end Beram and vegetation consists of floral buds only be in the form of a bouquet live up to three years.
2 - packages mixed: It is expelled average deposited floral buds and vegetative sideways according to the following format: Breman Zahraan, three floral buds, Breman Zahraan, and in the middle vegetative bud. Or deposited floral buds unilaterally and in quick succession, ending these vegetative Beram parcels and is considered one of the core members of the Ithmaar peach tree.
3 - parcels vegetative: medium strength bearing vegetative buds in the natural state, but the growth of basal buds can give sprouts subject to fruition in the next year.
4 - fat parcels: a very strong branches I take only vegetative buds but can be special treatment to give the beginning of fruit branches bear fruit in the coming year.
5 - Summer packages Allbeckoria
6 - simple fruiting packages: These are members of the Ithmaar short, thin and curved.
Trim winter:
Pruning depends on peach tree on the nature of the pregnancy in this tree must therefore take into account the following points when pruning:
1 - the pregnancy is in the peach-year-old branches.
2 - Ordinary Branch yielded fruit and must be cut to be replaced by young branch is subject to fruition.
3 - parcels vegetative and lipid nature to Atthmr unless Qlmt special treatment and can be brought to fruition in the next year.
This aims pruning in the vast plantations to determine flowering trimming the dead branches, and prune different types of packages on a peach tree as follows:
1 - floral bouquets Atqlm
2 - simple fruiting packages: to Atqlm but may be present at its peak in terms of foreign vegetative bud in this case it could be cut to this eye.
3 - mixed parcels: shearing expulsion mixed on several buds where vegetative buds at the bottom of the section, while the remaining buds are fruit is useful when pruning to be pruning on vegetative bud.
4 - fat parcels: trim packages the long Tkulaima so that the moderate parcels are then used in place solutions branch structural pyramid and naked from the bottom, and handle packages that grow on these branches in the coming year hybrid treatment packages.
5 - vegetative packages: trim packages vegetative by strength If weak cut on the eyes so as to help create parcels fruit in the coming year.
Trim packages:
And notes that there are cases where the fork points Ghosn pregnancy consisting of three forest:
1 - the expulsion of the medial and bears fruit.
2 - two side parcels and will be a replacement parcels in all cases be cut expulsion centrist who had been carrying fruit in the previous year.
The replacement parcels are treated in one of the following ways:
1 - when the expulsion upper mixed parcels and expulsion bottom vegetatively deal that parcels telling them mixed expulsion, several sprouts (three pairs of buds) The lower expulsion are تقليمه on a Buramin This method is called claw way.
2 - when the upper expulsion vegetatively and lower parcels mixed and treated parcels parcels in this way that the entire upper trim package and mixed several trim sprouts (3 to 4 pairs of buds) of Ithmaar believes parcels replacement.
3 - when mixed covariant replacement in this case we reserve the expulsion procedure, which trim the eight buds.
Summer Pruning:
The pruning summer of important processes in the tree peaches and being this pruning immediately after harvesting the crop in the section that had been carrying fruits and are pruning when the buds above parcels replacement by شكلناها is this pruning in August and September for items early in order to guide the sap to parcels replacement It also can make this exceptionally pruning in the month of June and for the parcels which bore fruit, but these fruits fell during kernel configuration. Pruning is for:
1 - parcels continued growth: keeps during pruning peripheral apical Balbram which we believe growth in the coming year as being on the same branch mitigation packages developing mutually regularly.
2 - parcels pregnancy: Pruning is mixed in packages from the base of expulsion where Buramin leaves to form the replacement parcels. And trim vegetative buds developing along with fruiting shoots where is this bud work attracts sap bud. And trim the same branch to an existing vegetative bud at the top section where is this bud work bud attractive to sap the entire branch. The vegetative trim packages and fat are pruning Buramin Qaeidian to secure replacement parcels and the floral arrangements never Vlatqlm.
Trimming:
Being the trimming process on all fruit trees in order to secure the replacement parcels naturally and help the growth of trees and here was good, noting that the parcels strong growth delay in fruiting and it had to be weakening growth and make it grow moderately.
Trimming methods:
1 - floral arrangements: floral arrangements are normally short and thus trimming Aaijeri.
2 - simple fruiting packages: If the final bud constantly growing, we stop the growth and Ptkulaimh to a height of 25 cm from its base.
3 - mixed parcels: trim bud final four papers, while Gemma attractive sap next fruiting shoots Fiks 2-3 leaves.
4 - Parcels vegetative and fat: being on mixed parcels except that the shear is more or less in length in order to make the growth of replacement parcels average or normal force as it is sometimes leave some fat buds on parcels.
5 - Bud parcels continued growth: The continued growth of new parcels to Atqs if its strong growth compared with the growth of the rest of the branches of the tree in and if these packages fruit buds, it is to be preserved, so the parcels are shortening this length of several centimeters on a top bud.
This trimming aims to secure a strong replacement parcels and parcels finding replacement at a height of 30 cm.
Sandals in peach tree leaves:
Takes place sandal leaves near the time of fruit ripening and after that these securities had the bulk of her job this must attention and caution when making these scientific because we know that the leaves are plant fruits and must perform this operation on several times and be evening or during the night, this and when cover leaf buds replacement parcels fruit we are working to mitigate these securities provided only closer Securities replacement parcels.
Sandals in peach tree fruits:
Sandal fruits peaches when these fruits are held well and be very Ithmaar thickly softens the fruit and the second takes place the sock after kernel configuration that neck of the fruit is cut with scissors and cut fruit can also in the presence Thmrtin condition together.
This should be noted to the importance of pruning for growth tree peaches where it seems pruning where easy at first glance, but very important, especially for trees that have entered into the process of Ithmaar because tree peaches rarely Matattiy Bud Vase on Wood Old, should be directed growth well in this tree and make All pruning operation in a timely manner.
Renewing the peach tree:
When weaken growth tree peaches naturally begin growths side to emerge from the asset, whether the asset was used Ganrk or almonds or peaches seed and on the contrary is that we get a positive result and a good use of vaccination again on almond Balbram high several centimeters of the soil and this bait new could give a new tree bearing structural place branch has been weakened after a few years, this gives a way good and satisfactory results.
Agricultural Services:
Performed all service operations agricultural at all fruit trees uniformly As for tree peaches are like dust soft as a result of peasant surface light and repeated, this should be warning to the irrigation process in groves peaches where you must apply irrigation regularly and avoid permanent irrigation, this and when temperatures are high can make irrigation or spraying leaves with water free of lime in the evenings where this irrigation or spraying useful for growth vegetative growth fruiting alike and thus ensure the other hand growth fruits sized, this can be when sprayed leaves pesticide use with water, such as parathion, Be aware, especially in the spring of aphids which must be combated and disposal.
Peach varieties:
Peach varieties are many and varied and we find them:
A - local varieties:
1 - Algtmi: be large-sized fruit in it and a greenish yellow color, white pulp and core adhesive, is maturing fruit in August, a strong odor and ground.
2 - Alastamboli: medium-sized fruits are the spherical shape dark red to yellow fruit ripening in late July and ground.
3 - Homsi: medium-sized fruits are the yellow spherical shape with white pulp fruit ripening in August and ground.
4 - Summer: fruits are small size where yellow ball-shaped reddish yellowish white pulp fruit ripening in July and are free of fluff.
5 - syphilis: known Balinktarin small-sized fruit with red spherical shape dark skin, lint-free completely aromatic yellow pulp with a sweet taste, a non-stick Ozatha, fruit ripening in August to late September.
6 - gray: a medium-sized fruit with a spherical shape yellow to yellow dander and core non-stick fruit ripening in July.
B - the most important foreign varieties include the following:
1 - Mayflower May flower: tree medium-sized leaves wide and long, off medium-sized color light yellow with discoloration painted scarlet from the exposed to sunlight and pulp tastes fragrant Odhu acidity few mature at the beginning of June and are reaping the benefits before maturity a few days.
2 - Amsdn Amsden: or named Bdrac June tree strong growth fruits large-size circular yellow in color with a red spots Steering exposed to sunlight with taste fragrant little and a little acidity, seed where adherent well pulp mature fruit the first half of July.
3 - Perricos Duhal Precoce dehale: class a good early maturity ripens at the end of July pale white crust color and dark red spots due to the sun's rays with a good taste sweet Asara textures and of high quality.
4 - Bill Imperial Belle Imberiale: very high quality, off big spherical irregularly shaped reddish-yellow rind is tinged with red and white pulp ripens in mid-September which is very fertile.
5 - Dix Reid Dixi red: moderate-sized tree with fruits medium-sized spherical shape with a yellowish red color heart Asara relatively coherent tasty, core Low adhesion pulp, mature fruit in late June and early July.
6 - Red Haven Red Haven: moderate-sized tree with large fruits spherical bright red, yellow-colored pulp tasty aromatic nucleus low adhesion pulp and fruits ripen in July.
7 - Hill Haven Hale haven: a medium-sized tree Osmarkberh sized spherical yellow with dark red and white pulp Asara, sweet taste and core non-stick, fruit ripening date in early August.
8 - Early Alberta Early Elberta: strong growth tree fruits large oval Mbtth yellow with a red cheek and a yellow pulp Asara delicious taste, the kernel is small adhesive, date fruit ripening in June.
Harvest: When reap the benefits of peaches after maturity to soften very and Athtml storage, this mature fruits peaches successively and not all at once, so is picking gradually and are picking fruit for canning by 3-5 days of maturity, may overemphasize some harvest fruit before maturity than lose a lot of her organoleptic qualities that are gatherers for tree when a color to the base color and so did not reach the stage of maturity and usually collect the fruits of peaches 4-5 times.
If you use machines can be fruit ripening at once and thus are gatherers at once and be easy to achieve this work mechanically.
The most important diseases of almonds: 1 - brown rot disease on almond trees:
A fungal disease that affects trees tonsils including tree peaches, and can infect the flowers and branches of small and large and affects fruit, this spreads the disease in different regions of peaches in Syria and is the fruit falling on the ground during the winter are bearing developed sexual this mushroom and show symptoms of infection on fruit appearance spots structure small circular with survival perimeter rot circular Odhu light brown and surface is rotten soft and low for the adjacent tissue him and be flesh rotting softer than the surrounding tissue and then with the progress of infection becomes color layer rotting gray because the spores that give this color, this and maintain fruit on their shape and remain hanging on the tree for a period of time after they have rotted College and then either fall or remain suspended until dry and turn to black, and the on the branches appear infection are sores elliptical or oval brown low from the surface in the beginning and in cases Others may swell soreness and highlights to a higher level of the surrounding tissue while wet glue appears over these sores.
This is affected by this disease significantly weather factors, especially rainfall and are not considered an important factor because the temperature spores germinate in a wide range of temperatures ranging between 21-80 F and injury that can occur within a few hours.
And control are:
· Removal of infected fruit lingering on fallen trees or on the ground.
· Pruning good as it allows good ventilation of shoot.
· Use of fungicides sprayed the first spray in February copper fungicides and spray second start swelling buds and uses her Kabtan thiram Abannlat. Spatter and third week after the second spray same pesticides and fourth after the contract directly and fifth spray to protect the fruit growing. As advised by spraying copper compounds as Bourdoao solution Oxy chloro copper after defoliation.
Disease wrinkle Title peaches:
A fungal disease that affects trees peaches, almonds, apricots, cherries and lead to wrinkle securities and thus Fallen, which reflected the impact on the tree in general terms fail to carry fruit or reduce contract fruits and often Matsubh tree Bhardh of securities which drives the tree to the formation of new branches in the same season, leading to Ajhadha and harm the vitality and then deteriorate year after year. The symptoms of infection emergence Baad on the upper surface of the leaves along the race middle of the paper leading to Tdjadha and continued growth apply paper and crumple the edges of the inside and thus appears on the bottom surface of the paper set of rooms hollow as become thick and easy breakage and changes color paper infected to become pale tinged red color with the disappearance of chlorophyll and covers the surface of the paper top layer silver then follows often fall before the completion of growth can also branches of modern growth be infected and fruits as well, showing wrinkles longitudinal with Dmorha in size this and go spores of this disease winter period between scales buds static where germinate updated injury In the following season and is considered low temperatures and wet spring weather a contributing factor to the spread of this disease.
And control are:
- Remove and burn infected branches and leaves.
- Spraying the trees one of the following substances in the season sleep solution Bordeaux - Oxy-chloro copper - sulfur negotiated.
3 - powdery mildew disease in peaches:
Fungal disease infects Grass peaches in nurseries and trees in orchards and cause a significant shortfall in the crop when competing trees and high humidity affects both the leaves and branches of modern and fruits show where infection on the leaves and branches of modern in white patches minutes increase in size so that a full part infected with the progress of infection crumple securities and turn to brown color and then dry up and fall off and the fruits appear injury round white spots also increases even permeated the fruit size and dry and distorts the shape and then fall down and spreads the disease when competing trees and when moisture is available and air temperature medium.
Control:
Remove infected parts and burn
Use disinfectants fungal sulfur Rasha or Tafeera, and spray on the first three installments after the onset of illness and the second after 20 days from the first and third after 20 days of second spray should be so well prevail in the entire plant surfaces.
4 - Deaths parties almond trees:
Fungal disease leads to the death parties trees nuts especially apricots and peaches as attacking cherries, plums, especially McCann them with injuries or lesions, bacterial, and lead the disease to yellowing leaves on the branches infected sores on these branches and secretions resin on branches dead as infection leads severe to death tree fully.
Control:
Cover pruning wounds and avoid injuries on the trees.
Spraying with a solution of Bordeaux.
5 - coronary disease tuberculosis:
A bacterial disease found in most areas of the Syrian Arab Republic and characterized configure tubers on the market, roots, particularly in the area near the Earth's surface and be tubers different size, shape and diameter ranges between 2-4 inches which tubers wooden when the infection on fruit trees and tubers small consisting of fabric with the strength of Corky pastel-like fabric Alcalos young As the injury becomes tissue tuber Foreign dark because of laceration cells foreign tuber, this is the entry of bacteria causing the disease to the plant through wounds where there is a split cell rapidly around the point in which the bacteria as it happens inflation of cells which leads to the formation of tubers result article produced by the constituents of tuberculosis bacteria. These bacteria due to the soil through decomposition of the tissues of the tubers or by bacteria on the surface of the tuber or near the surface, transmitted by soil water and soil thus becomes contaminated, leading to new infections.
This affects a large number of plants, including herbs, trees and shrubs, but the economic damage will be on fruit trees, especially peaches where dwarfed trees or kill just as it weakens the resistance to winter and affect the growth and carry.
Control:
Production of seedlings free from injury and the use of dust-free from injury for the production of seedlings.
Disinfect vaccination Wolff place a sterile strip bait.
Follow courses agricultural period of 3-4 years for nurseries.
Fat leaves leg Paljatol concentration of 20% + 80% methyl so paint the tubers with the surrounding area by about 2.5 cm.
Soft tuber treatment with penicillin antibiotics.
6 - Altsamg disease and bacterial soreness in almonds:
A bacterial disease that affects about 80 plant species and the most important Amadavath peaches, cherries, apricots, peaches and Custard differ symptoms depending on environmental conditions and plant species infected, this will be the impact of the disease heavily on logs and main branches where spots appear elongated water in the crust and wood modern and be crust infected structure and Mtsamgh smell acidic often and when surrounded these sores Balavra they fail to grow in the spring or die in the summer after that some papers it shows infection on the leaves formation brown spots surrounded by a halo Yellow drops part brown leaving the place hole distinctive be clear on peaches and fruits consist black spots low In buds appear as small blisters on the infected bud base, although infected trees lead to weakness of these trees and crop shortages and death of branches and reduce the flat leaf of the tree and easily incidence of insects and other pests in the death of infected trees endings.
Control:
Removal of infected trees and destruction.
Spraying with a solution of Bordeaux while falling leaves in the fall and then re-spray in the spring to prevent injury.
7 - yellowing of peaches:
A viral disease that affects trees nuts, including peaches, where is the transparency of the veins of the early symptoms, which appear on the leaves of infected trees also take stock in the tops of branches infected in sickle and circumvents footnotes some infected leaves as take stock in the tops of branches infected sickle shaped and wrapped footnotes some infected leaves taken shape tubular and the branches are growing vertically and carry papers mottled yellow, this and grow buds infected by sound in the spring and mature fruit early and showing red spots stretching to the inside, causing a change in the taste of fruit and flavor and after several years of infection is increasing the number of branches infected and becomes a yellow to reddish-brown and die trees usually after 1-5 years of the emergence of infection and transmission by immunization with a pen or infected eyes or by a bouncy paper insect.
Control:
Uprooting trees and burn them and planting proper place where the virus to Aantql through the soil.
Proper use of vaccines and ensure the safety of the seedlings planted in the orchard.
Insect resistance paper Ntath.
8 - supplied in peaches Summit:
A viral disease caused by the formation of tuft terminal or side or Tordat may contain several hundred securities of small and portable axes Afraa no more than 5 / cm / of length, and the color of leaves yellowish green and wrap edges Foreign inward then whistles in early summer and then fall In the following fall or winter tree dies with general lesions. This is transmission of the disease through the pens and infected eyes during vaccination and did not know the role of insects in the process of transmission of this disease.
Control:
Removal of infected trees and burned.
Using sound grafts.
Mariana vaccination continued where he found immune to this disease.
9 - root-knot Alnimatoda nuts:
Cause of this disease is a filamentous worm infect the roots of almonds all over the world and growing danger mainly in the warm areas of the region and the mild winter has been observed in almond orchards spread in Syria. When the disease may not show obvious symptoms on plant parts above the soil surface in the case of severe for a total vegetative Open Luna of sound may be dying trees and the main symptoms of the disease appear swellings on the roots may be on these roots bulges spindle shape or circular is systematically vary in size sometimes has a diameter / 2.5 cm / have occasionally noted the growth of secondary roots of bloating Alnimatoda.
Control:
- Planting saplings sound and free from injury.
- The use of assets resistant to nematode worms.
- In the case of other crops between the trees growing plants must not be infected with the disease.
Chemical control are:
A - In the case of the presence of infection in the gardens of the list followed by the following:
1 - digging around the roots.
2 - Prepare hanging from the pesticide DBCP and nematodes by adding a teaspoon of the pesticide concentration / 70% / or two tablespoons of concentration / 80% / for every four liters of water.
3 - tells the trees using the spray for a period of / 15 / d / to help spread pesticide into the soil.
B - in the case of the establishment of new orchards:
1 - Gore Planter are drilled.
2 - attend the hanging of the pesticide as previously mentioned.
3 - Troy Jura Bmalq pesticide rate / 2 l / m /.
4 - instilled fill unfair earth at a height of at least / 15 cm / above the ground and then tells second pesticide Bmalq / 1/2 / / Jouret around about 1 / m / and then bridge the Jura dust
Peaches Prunus Persica: Peaches belong to the species pome fruits stone any tonsillar fruits and including peaches, cherries, apricots, almonds, knowing that men are different in form and size and taste. It will be new varieties frequently unfamiliar fruit trees other, so it was able scientists rooting that devise new varieties from time to time through hybridization fits both of them a certain environment and on this basis we have become more than fifty new class between 1920-1964 become cultivated in different regions is almost as well, extending the maturity period of the spring to autumn which suit different tastes.
Has been known peaches name actual Prunus Persice so as to believe the ancients that native is Persia, but the fact predict that it came from China, where mentioned in the records BC centuries many, and then spread out westward to the second home of the peach is Persia, who moved to the caravan route in the country's commercial China in these areas were very favorable conditions for the growth and reproduction of loosely cultivation and Knight moved to Egypt, Syria, Greece, after the invasion of Alexander the Great.
Morphological description: Height ranges peach trees by their types between 3-8 and inverse conical shape of the crown or slung and roots deep wedge and leaves falling prolonged severe head serrated edges pale green smell of bitter almond oil when you rub the palm of the hand. Securities in peaches bills with red color on the reverse auricles almond-green, be floral buds and paper are positioned in groups a number 2-3 in axillae papers and sometimes single flowers appear before the emergence of securities which are of pink reddish or white with red weak, and fruit a tonsil different shapes and sizes according to varieties which mounted neck ثمري short and within the nucleus varies in size and the nature of its surface according to different varieties and varieties are the nucleus of adhesive including such items kernel non-stick within the nucleus seed bitter container on a toxic substance is acid Aloidroosaanak.
........................................
Biological characteristics: Tree many peaches properties make it distinct from other fruit trees where characterized by strong growth and high ability to form packages and early entry process Ithmaar also is short life span. This is early in the entry phase Ithmaar relates to the nature of the area cultivated by category Some varieties start Balaosmar two years old and some are five years old, and this pregnancy is concentrated in peach-year-old branches and floral bouquets.
The tree peaches generally fertile self except for certain items such as Hill Bertha and Mikado that pollinate بالصنف Alberta, this preferably when the spread orchard peach that is growing more than class to increase productivity which is a tree peaches from trees sensitive agricultural operations in the orchard where give good growth and bumper crop in case of availability of agricultural operations at the appropriate times.
Cofactors to grow peaches: Climate: The peach tree from tropical plants and sign up to an altitude of a thousand meters above sea level.
Soil: adapt different types of assets in the peaches with various types of dust and even dust poor however require tree peaches deep soil, good permeability to water and air, this and like tree peaches territory vine with gravel and limestone, the land of humidity and cold it operates on a loss of tree quickly.
Propagation methods in peach tree: Propagation of this tree in two ways:
· Propagation of seeds
· Propagation through vaccination.
1 - seed propagation: in this case, setting seed in the month of January and through alternating layers of sand (sand shrine) and seed in ordinary containers (boxes) and these seeds are planted in April and can be cultivated seeds immediately after harvest.
2 - Reciting vaccination: This method is in a lot of the most common and most secure and for propagation of good varieties, and is considered static method of vaccination for an eye is the prevailing way.
Assets used in the peaches: A - wild peaches: main assets used in the breeding process, a user in Syria, originally characterized in full accordance with the most varieties of peaches, which graciously in fertile land and deep, but it does not fit with the clay soil and limestone and disadvantages infected with worms caecilians.
- Almonds: sweet almond suits him a peach tree gives a longer life span which is compatible with dry soil, provided that the soil is deep and is considered as a single asset for late varieties.
T - Peach: uses of peach San Julian asset for peaches and uses private wetlands and surface, this depends growth trees grafted on peach San Julian early end of the summer and this should not be vaccinated on peach San Julian only for varieties that mature in months of July and August can also be used peach Maroblan asset but underused and not recommended.
W - Ganrk: moisture out bears and fits with the heavy land, and there are some assets resistance of caecilians like worms Chelal originally from India and Yunnan origin and originally from China, as well as the original Bukhara and originally from Russia. As devised modern origins in France and Italy, such as (S 667 and originally GF 677).
Vegetative form of the peach tree: Reared tree peaches by special types of pruning in various forms, including the shape turbofan and be either a leg high and either average height or on the leg of a low and the preferred form of the tree peaches soil on the leg of average height no higher (65-75) cm from the surface of the soil and even the first point of branching of leg.
Agriculture distances: If education is the high leg distance 6 × 4 m and in no education on average leg 4 × 4 m and overall distance varies depending on the structural and branches 4-5 m distance.
Trim Education: No different trim trees peaches for trimming the rest of the fruit trees and when the soil in the leg high so that the branches structural once where the leaves grow freely and not taken pruning this way only for branches dead, but I prefer planting peaches and reared on the leg of the average and the process of pruning this education is the same way Education high on the leg. Such pruning is done in general for several reasons, including:
1 - giving the tree a beautiful shape and harmonious
2 - Give the tree satisfactory state of activity and strength.
3 - to promote the formation of fruiting buds
4 - to improve quality and production
5 - to allow light and air to penetrate to all parts of the structure, and therefore help to control insect pests and fungi sick, as well as improving the quality and color of the fruit.
All items previous logical but they are all linked and dependent on one factor is to know how pregnancy in each type of fruit to be pruning useful, we find that the trees are concentrated pregnancy where the wood aged two years or more, generally on Wood Old then the wood year old and young is wholesome of pregnancy, and other trees are concentrated load on Wood aged one year and then be old wood is beneficial to the pregnancy.
Nature of the pregnancy in the peaches:
Blooming flowers peaches in the spring on the branches of old year or in the form of bouquets floral short end Beram shoot live up to three years, this will be bud vegetative cone and sharp head the bud syphilis shall be circular in shape this shows that the difference is clear in the month of February and March this but Ordinary bud syphilis only a single flower.
Types of packages in a peach tree:
All types of packages consist of vegetative bud but with different characteristics, depending on the amount of sap received and be members of the growth and fruiting.
1 - floral arrangements: a ثمري organ short end Beram and vegetation consists of floral buds only be in the form of a bouquet live up to three years.
2 - packages mixed: It is expelled average deposited floral buds and vegetative sideways according to the following format: Breman Zahraan, three floral buds, Breman Zahraan, and in the middle vegetative bud. Or deposited floral buds unilaterally and in quick succession, ending these vegetative Beram parcels and is considered one of the core members of the Ithmaar peach tree.
3 - parcels vegetative: medium strength bearing vegetative buds in the natural state, but the growth of basal buds can give sprouts subject to fruition in the next year.
4 - fat parcels: a very strong branches I take only vegetative buds but can be special treatment to give the beginning of fruit branches bear fruit in the coming year.
5 - Summer packages Allbeckoria
6 - simple fruiting packages: These are members of the Ithmaar short, thin and curved.
Trim winter:
Pruning depends on peach tree on the nature of the pregnancy in this tree must therefore take into account the following points when pruning:
1 - the pregnancy is in the peach-year-old branches.
2 - Ordinary Branch yielded fruit and must be cut to be replaced by young branch is subject to fruition.
3 - parcels vegetative and lipid nature to Atthmr unless Qlmt special treatment and can be brought to fruition in the next year.
This aims pruning in the vast plantations to determine flowering trimming the dead branches, and prune different types of packages on a peach tree as follows:
1 - floral bouquets Atqlm
2 - simple fruiting packages: to Atqlm but may be present at its peak in terms of foreign vegetative bud in this case it could be cut to this eye.
3 - mixed parcels: shearing expulsion mixed on several buds where vegetative buds at the bottom of the section, while the remaining buds are fruit is useful when pruning to be pruning on vegetative bud.
4 - fat parcels: trim packages the long Tkulaima so that the moderate parcels are then used in place solutions branch structural pyramid and naked from the bottom, and handle packages that grow on these branches in the coming year hybrid treatment packages.
5 - vegetative packages: trim packages vegetative by strength If weak cut on the eyes so as to help create parcels fruit in the coming year.
Trim packages:
And notes that there are cases where the fork points Ghosn pregnancy consisting of three forest:
1 - the expulsion of the medial and bears fruit.
2 - two side parcels and will be a replacement parcels in all cases be cut expulsion centrist who had been carrying fruit in the previous year.
The replacement parcels are treated in one of the following ways:
1 - when the expulsion upper mixed parcels and expulsion bottom vegetatively deal that parcels telling them mixed expulsion, several sprouts (three pairs of buds) The lower expulsion are تقليمه on a Buramin This method is called claw way.
2 - when the upper expulsion vegetatively and lower parcels mixed and treated parcels parcels in this way that the entire upper trim package and mixed several trim sprouts (3 to 4 pairs of buds) of Ithmaar believes parcels replacement.
3 - when mixed covariant replacement in this case we reserve the expulsion procedure, which trim the eight buds.
Summer Pruning:
The pruning summer of important processes in the tree peaches and being this pruning immediately after harvesting the crop in the section that had been carrying fruits and are pruning when the buds above parcels replacement by شكلناها is this pruning in August and September for items early in order to guide the sap to parcels replacement It also can make this exceptionally pruning in the month of June and for the parcels which bore fruit, but these fruits fell during kernel configuration. Pruning is for:
1 - parcels continued growth: keeps during pruning peripheral apical Balbram which we believe growth in the coming year as being on the same branch mitigation packages developing mutually regularly.
2 - parcels pregnancy: Pruning is mixed in packages from the base of expulsion where Buramin leaves to form the replacement parcels. And trim vegetative buds developing along with fruiting shoots where is this bud work attracts sap bud. And trim the same branch to an existing vegetative bud at the top section where is this bud work bud attractive to sap the entire branch. The vegetative trim packages and fat are pruning Buramin Qaeidian to secure replacement parcels and the floral arrangements never Vlatqlm.
Trimming:
Being the trimming process on all fruit trees in order to secure the replacement parcels naturally and help the growth of trees and here was good, noting that the parcels strong growth delay in fruiting and it had to be weakening growth and make it grow moderately.
Trimming methods:
1 - floral arrangements: floral arrangements are normally short and thus trimming Aaijeri.
2 - simple fruiting packages: If the final bud constantly growing, we stop the growth and Ptkulaimh to a height of 25 cm from its base.
3 - mixed parcels: trim bud final four papers, while Gemma attractive sap next fruiting shoots Fiks 2-3 leaves.
4 - Parcels vegetative and fat: being on mixed parcels except that the shear is more or less in length in order to make the growth of replacement parcels average or normal force as it is sometimes leave some fat buds on parcels.
5 - Bud parcels continued growth: The continued growth of new parcels to Atqs if its strong growth compared with the growth of the rest of the branches of the tree in and if these packages fruit buds, it is to be preserved, so the parcels are shortening this length of several centimeters on a top bud.
This trimming aims to secure a strong replacement parcels and parcels finding replacement at a height of 30 cm.
Sandals in peach tree leaves:
Takes place sandal leaves near the time of fruit ripening and after that these securities had the bulk of her job this must attention and caution when making these scientific because we know that the leaves are plant fruits and must perform this operation on several times and be evening or during the night, this and when cover leaf buds replacement parcels fruit we are working to mitigate these securities provided only closer Securities replacement parcels.
Sandals in peach tree fruits:
Sandal fruits peaches when these fruits are held well and be very Ithmaar thickly softens the fruit and the second takes place the sock after kernel configuration that neck of the fruit is cut with scissors and cut fruit can also in the presence Thmrtin condition together.
This should be noted to the importance of pruning for growth tree peaches where it seems pruning where easy at first glance, but very important, especially for trees that have entered into the process of Ithmaar because tree peaches rarely Matattiy Bud Vase on Wood Old, should be directed growth well in this tree and make All pruning operation in a timely manner.
Renewing the peach tree:
When weaken growth tree peaches naturally begin growths side to emerge from the asset, whether the asset was used Ganrk or almonds or peaches seed and on the contrary is that we get a positive result and a good use of vaccination again on almond Balbram high several centimeters of the soil and this bait new could give a new tree bearing structural place branch has been weakened after a few years, this gives a way good and satisfactory results.
Agricultural Services:
Performed all service operations agricultural at all fruit trees uniformly As for tree peaches are like dust soft as a result of peasant surface light and repeated, this should be warning to the irrigation process in groves peaches where you must apply irrigation regularly and avoid permanent irrigation, this and when temperatures are high can make irrigation or spraying leaves with water free of lime in the evenings where this irrigation or spraying useful for growth vegetative growth fruiting alike and thus ensure the other hand growth fruits sized, this can be when sprayed leaves pesticide use with water, such as parathion, Be aware, especially in the spring of aphids which must be combated and disposal.
Peach varieties:
Peach varieties are many and varied and we find them:
A - local varieties:
1 - Algtmi: be large-sized fruit in it and a greenish yellow color, white pulp and core adhesive, is maturing fruit in August, a strong odor and ground.
2 - Alastamboli: medium-sized fruits are the spherical shape dark red to yellow fruit ripening in late July and ground.
3 - Homsi: medium-sized fruits are the yellow spherical shape with white pulp fruit ripening in August and ground.
4 - Summer: fruits are small size where yellow ball-shaped reddish yellowish white pulp fruit ripening in July and are free of fluff.
5 - syphilis: known Balinktarin small-sized fruit with red spherical shape dark skin, lint-free completely aromatic yellow pulp with a sweet taste, a non-stick Ozatha, fruit ripening in August to late September.
6 - gray: a medium-sized fruit with a spherical shape yellow to yellow dander and core non-stick fruit ripening in July.
B - the most important foreign varieties include the following:
1 - Mayflower May flower: tree medium-sized leaves wide and long, off medium-sized color light yellow with discoloration painted scarlet from the exposed to sunlight and pulp tastes fragrant Odhu acidity few mature at the beginning of June and are reaping the benefits before maturity a few days.
2 - Amsdn Amsden: or named Bdrac June tree strong growth fruits large-size circular yellow in color with a red spots Steering exposed to sunlight with taste fragrant little and a little acidity, seed where adherent well pulp mature fruit the first half of July.
3 - Perricos Duhal Precoce dehale: class a good early maturity ripens at the end of July pale white crust color and dark red spots due to the sun's rays with a good taste sweet Asara textures and of high quality.
4 - Bill Imperial Belle Imberiale: very high quality, off big spherical irregularly shaped reddish-yellow rind is tinged with red and white pulp ripens in mid-September which is very fertile.
5 - Dix Reid Dixi red: moderate-sized tree with fruits medium-sized spherical shape with a yellowish red color heart Asara relatively coherent tasty, core Low adhesion pulp, mature fruit in late June and early July.
6 - Red Haven Red Haven: moderate-sized tree with large fruits spherical bright red, yellow-colored pulp tasty aromatic nucleus low adhesion pulp and fruits ripen in July.
7 - Hill Haven Hale haven: a medium-sized tree Osmarkberh sized spherical yellow with dark red and white pulp Asara, sweet taste and core non-stick, fruit ripening date in early August.
8 - Early Alberta Early Elberta: strong growth tree fruits large oval Mbtth yellow with a red cheek and a yellow pulp Asara delicious taste, the kernel is small adhesive, date fruit ripening in June.
Harvest: When reap the benefits of peaches after maturity to soften very and Athtml storage, this mature fruits peaches successively and not all at once, so is picking gradually and are picking fruit for canning by 3-5 days of maturity, may overemphasize some harvest fruit before maturity than lose a lot of her organoleptic qualities that are gatherers for tree when a color to the base color and so did not reach the stage of maturity and usually collect the fruits of peaches 4-5 times.
If you use machines can be fruit ripening at once and thus are gatherers at once and be easy to achieve this work mechanically.
The most important diseases of almonds: 1 - brown rot disease on almond trees:
A fungal disease that affects trees tonsils including tree peaches, and can infect the flowers and branches of small and large and affects fruit, this spreads the disease in different regions of peaches in Syria and is the fruit falling on the ground during the winter are bearing developed sexual this mushroom and show symptoms of infection on fruit appearance spots structure small circular with survival perimeter rot circular Odhu light brown and surface is rotten soft and low for the adjacent tissue him and be flesh rotting softer than the surrounding tissue and then with the progress of infection becomes color layer rotting gray because the spores that give this color, this and maintain fruit on their shape and remain hanging on the tree for a period of time after they have rotted College and then either fall or remain suspended until dry and turn to black, and the on the branches appear infection are sores elliptical or oval brown low from the surface in the beginning and in cases Others may swell soreness and highlights to a higher level of the surrounding tissue while wet glue appears over these sores.
This is affected by this disease significantly weather factors, especially rainfall and are not considered an important factor because the temperature spores germinate in a wide range of temperatures ranging between 21-80 F and injury that can occur within a few hours.
And control are:
· Removal of infected fruit lingering on fallen trees or on the ground.
· Pruning good as it allows good ventilation of shoot.
· Use of fungicides sprayed the first spray in February copper fungicides and spray second start swelling buds and uses her Kabtan thiram Abannlat. Spatter and third week after the second spray same pesticides and fourth after the contract directly and fifth spray to protect the fruit growing. As advised by spraying copper compounds as Bourdoao solution Oxy chloro copper after defoliation.
Disease wrinkle Title peaches:
A fungal disease that affects trees peaches, almonds, apricots, cherries and lead to wrinkle securities and thus Fallen, which reflected the impact on the tree in general terms fail to carry fruit or reduce contract fruits and often Matsubh tree Bhardh of securities which drives the tree to the formation of new branches in the same season, leading to Ajhadha and harm the vitality and then deteriorate year after year. The symptoms of infection emergence Baad on the upper surface of the leaves along the race middle of the paper leading to Tdjadha and continued growth apply paper and crumple the edges of the inside and thus appears on the bottom surface of the paper set of rooms hollow as become thick and easy breakage and changes color paper infected to become pale tinged red color with the disappearance of chlorophyll and covers the surface of the paper top layer silver then follows often fall before the completion of growth can also branches of modern growth be infected and fruits as well, showing wrinkles longitudinal with Dmorha in size this and go spores of this disease winter period between scales buds static where germinate updated injury In the following season and is considered low temperatures and wet spring weather a contributing factor to the spread of this disease.
And control are:
- Remove and burn infected branches and leaves.
- Spraying the trees one of the following substances in the season sleep solution Bordeaux - Oxy-chloro copper - sulfur negotiated.
3 - powdery mildew disease in peaches:
Fungal disease infects Grass peaches in nurseries and trees in orchards and cause a significant shortfall in the crop when competing trees and high humidity affects both the leaves and branches of modern and fruits show where infection on the leaves and branches of modern in white patches minutes increase in size so that a full part infected with the progress of infection crumple securities and turn to brown color and then dry up and fall off and the fruits appear injury round white spots also increases even permeated the fruit size and dry and distorts the shape and then fall down and spreads the disease when competing trees and when moisture is available and air temperature medium.
Control:
Remove infected parts and burn
Use disinfectants fungal sulfur Rasha or Tafeera, and spray on the first three installments after the onset of illness and the second after 20 days from the first and third after 20 days of second spray should be so well prevail in the entire plant surfaces.
4 - Deaths parties almond trees:
Fungal disease leads to the death parties trees nuts especially apricots and peaches as attacking cherries, plums, especially McCann them with injuries or lesions, bacterial, and lead the disease to yellowing leaves on the branches infected sores on these branches and secretions resin on branches dead as infection leads severe to death tree fully.
Control:
Cover pruning wounds and avoid injuries on the trees.
Spraying with a solution of Bordeaux.
5 - coronary disease tuberculosis:
A bacterial disease found in most areas of the Syrian Arab Republic and characterized configure tubers on the market, roots, particularly in the area near the Earth's surface and be tubers different size, shape and diameter ranges between 2-4 inches which tubers wooden when the infection on fruit trees and tubers small consisting of fabric with the strength of Corky pastel-like fabric Alcalos young As the injury becomes tissue tuber Foreign dark because of laceration cells foreign tuber, this is the entry of bacteria causing the disease to the plant through wounds where there is a split cell rapidly around the point in which the bacteria as it happens inflation of cells which leads to the formation of tubers result article produced by the constituents of tuberculosis bacteria. These bacteria due to the soil through decomposition of the tissues of the tubers or by bacteria on the surface of the tuber or near the surface, transmitted by soil water and soil thus becomes contaminated, leading to new infections.
This affects a large number of plants, including herbs, trees and shrubs, but the economic damage will be on fruit trees, especially peaches where dwarfed trees or kill just as it weakens the resistance to winter and affect the growth and carry.
Control:
Production of seedlings free from injury and the use of dust-free from injury for the production of seedlings.
Disinfect vaccination Wolff place a sterile strip bait.
Follow courses agricultural period of 3-4 years for nurseries.
Fat leaves leg Paljatol concentration of 20% + 80% methyl so paint the tubers with the surrounding area by about 2.5 cm.
Soft tuber treatment with penicillin antibiotics.
6 - Altsamg disease and bacterial soreness in almonds:
A bacterial disease that affects about 80 plant species and the most important Amadavath peaches, cherries, apricots, peaches and Custard differ symptoms depending on environmental conditions and plant species infected, this will be the impact of the disease heavily on logs and main branches where spots appear elongated water in the crust and wood modern and be crust infected structure and Mtsamgh smell acidic often and when surrounded these sores Balavra they fail to grow in the spring or die in the summer after that some papers it shows infection on the leaves formation brown spots surrounded by a halo Yellow drops part brown leaving the place hole distinctive be clear on peaches and fruits consist black spots low In buds appear as small blisters on the infected bud base, although infected trees lead to weakness of these trees and crop shortages and death of branches and reduce the flat leaf of the tree and easily incidence of insects and other pests in the death of infected trees endings.
Control:
Removal of infected trees and destruction.
Spraying with a solution of Bordeaux while falling leaves in the fall and then re-spray in the spring to prevent injury.
7 - yellowing of peaches:
A viral disease that affects trees nuts, including peaches, where is the transparency of the veins of the early symptoms, which appear on the leaves of infected trees also take stock in the tops of branches infected in sickle and circumvents footnotes some infected leaves as take stock in the tops of branches infected sickle shaped and wrapped footnotes some infected leaves taken shape tubular and the branches are growing vertically and carry papers mottled yellow, this and grow buds infected by sound in the spring and mature fruit early and showing red spots stretching to the inside, causing a change in the taste of fruit and flavor and after several years of infection is increasing the number of branches infected and becomes a yellow to reddish-brown and die trees usually after 1-5 years of the emergence of infection and transmission by immunization with a pen or infected eyes or by a bouncy paper insect.
Control:
Uprooting trees and burn them and planting proper place where the virus to Aantql through the soil.
Proper use of vaccines and ensure the safety of the seedlings planted in the orchard.
Insect resistance paper Ntath.
8 - supplied in peaches Summit:
A viral disease caused by the formation of tuft terminal or side or Tordat may contain several hundred securities of small and portable axes Afraa no more than 5 / cm / of length, and the color of leaves yellowish green and wrap edges Foreign inward then whistles in early summer and then fall In the following fall or winter tree dies with general lesions. This is transmission of the disease through the pens and infected eyes during vaccination and did not know the role of insects in the process of transmission of this disease.
Control:
Removal of infected trees and burned.
Using sound grafts.
Mariana vaccination continued where he found immune to this disease.
9 - root-knot Alnimatoda nuts:
Cause of this disease is a filamentous worm infect the roots of almonds all over the world and growing danger mainly in the warm areas of the region and the mild winter has been observed in almond orchards spread in Syria. When the disease may not show obvious symptoms on plant parts above the soil surface in the case of severe for a total vegetative Open Luna of sound may be dying trees and the main symptoms of the disease appear swellings on the roots may be on these roots bulges spindle shape or circular is systematically vary in size sometimes has a diameter / 2.5 cm / have occasionally noted the growth of secondary roots of bloating Alnimatoda.
Control:
- Planting saplings sound and free from injury.
- The use of assets resistant to nematode worms.
- In the case of other crops between the trees growing plants must not be infected with the disease.
Chemical control are:
A - In the case of the presence of infection in the gardens of the list followed by the following:
1 - digging around the roots.
2 - Prepare hanging from the pesticide DBCP and nematodes by adding a teaspoon of the pesticide concentration / 70% / or two tablespoons of concentration / 80% / for every four liters of water.
3 - tells the trees using the spray for a period of / 15 / d / to help spread pesticide into the soil.
B - in the case of the establishment of new orchards:
1 - Gore Planter are drilled.
2 - attend the hanging of the pesticide as previously mentioned.
3 - Troy Jura Bmalq pesticide rate / 2 l / m /.
4 - instilled fill unfair earth at a height of at least / 15 cm / above the ground and then tells second pesticide Bmalq / 1/2 / / Jouret around about 1 / m / and then bridge the Jura dust
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